The Bulava missile that just made its maiden flight, has many different designations. The U.S. Department of Defense apparently calls it SS-NX-30 (which will become SS-N-30 after the missile is accepted for service). But in the START Treaty data exchange it is listed under its Russian "treaty name" RSM-56 unlike all other missiles, which use their "SS-N-" designations. The choice of RSM-56 would be in line with the existing sequence - RSM-50, RSM-52, and RSM-54.
Another name for the missile was mentioned by the Russian defense minister, who called it R-30. This would also be generally compatible with the R-sequence, which so far had a few R-29 missiles, R-31, and R-39.
Update: The index of the Bulava missile is 3M30.
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I understand this R-30 missile can carry up to ten re-entry vehicles. Did the recent test launch involve multiple re-entry vehicles?
There is no reliable information on the number of warheads that Bulava will carry. My guess is that it probably will be less than ten - more like three or four. The missile is just not big enough to carry ten warheads (unless they are really small and low-yield).
If the range is brought down to ca 6500 km, the R-30 should be capable of launching as many as ten x 100 kt warheads. A 10,000 km range would certainly require a reduced warhead load. The R-30 seems to be a dimensional replacement for the R-29, with roughly the same launch mass and dimensions.
Some similar-sized missiles:
Minuteman 3 35400 kg GLOW throw weight 1000 kg = 3 x 335 kt to 12900 km
R-29RL 35300 kg GLOW throw weight 1300 kg = 7 x 200 kt to 6500 km
Trident C-4 29475 kg GLOW throw weight 1317 kg = 8 x 100 kt to 7400 km